Yes. Looking at stars, the Moon, and planets is completely safe. Only solar observing requires special filters.
Any clear night works. Winter offers longer dark hours but colder temperatures. Summer has pleasant weather but shorter nights and more twilight.
From the city center it is difficult due to light pollution. From nearby dark locations such as the hills around the city or further into Anatolia, yes, especially on moonless nights in summer.
Use a free planetarium app such as Stellarium or SkySafari. Point your phone at the sky and it will identify stars, planets, and constellations in real time.
Satellites are increasingly common. They appear as steady moving points of light. Most people find them interesting rather than bothersome. The ISS is particularly bright and predictable.